Many modern IoT applications rely on fingerprint sensors for added safety and security, and to easily identify users. Fingerprint sensors are widespread in smartphones and other wearables, as well as in smart industry and smart home applications for entry identification and data security. The two most common fingerprint sensors in use today are optical sensors and capacitive sensors. Here’s how they work.
Optical vs. Capacitive Fingerprint Scanner
Whether you want to secure your phone or identify yourself before you enter a building, fingerprint sensors can add security and identification easily. There is two common ways that fingerprint sensors are being used today and that is optical and capacitive.
How Does a Fingerprint Optical Scanner Work?
Optical fingerprint sensors have been around for a while. The way an optical scanner works is by shining a bright light over your fingerprint and taking a digital photo. The light-sensitive microchip makes the digital image by looking at the ridges and valleys of the fingerprint, turning them into 1’s and 0’s, and creates the user’s own personal code. Figure 1 shows how the light source reads the fingerprint and where that information goes. The disadvantage to this, while highly unlikely, is that a digital photo can be replicated.
Figure 1: Light source taking a digital image of a fingerprint. (Source: Android Authority/Robert Triggs)
Capacitive Fingerprint Sensors
In today’s world, capacitive fingerprint scanners are more common and found on phones. Similar to the capacitive touchscreen, it measures your finger by using human conductivity, creating an electrostatic field, and creating a digital image based on the electrostatic field.
To go into more detail, the capacitive fingerprint scanner uses tiny capacitor array circuits that track the detail of a fingerprint. It uses the ridges of your fingerprint that is placed over the conductive plates which changes the charge stored in the capacitor, while the valleys (air gaps) leave the charge on the capacitor unchanged. An operational amplifier integrator circuit tracks these changes that can then be recorded by an analog-to-digital converter, where this digital data can be analyzed. Figure 2 shows the physics behind this.
Figure 2: How a capacitive fingerprint scanner captures digital images (Source: Android Authority/Robert Triggs)
This technology is a lot harder to bypass since an image cannot get passed capacitive fingerprint sensor and other materials will record different changes in charge on the capacitor. While it is more expensive, it’s also more complex and secure.
As we become more advanced and IoT keeps growing, accurate data collection via sensors becomes more important. Smartphones are the best example on how sensors are quickly changing the way we go about our days. After all, it was only a few years ago that phones didn’t have touchscreen or fingerprint applications on them.
Analysis
Fingerprint sensors are used as an extra layer of security when identifying users. And before this article, I had no idea how they worked. I just put my finger on a button and my computer lets me in. But it’s actually a relatively simple technology! Our fingerprints are just a series of ridges and valleys, which can be turned into 1’s and 0’s to form a code unique to just you. This code can be read optically, by taking a photo of your finger against a light sensitive microchip, or capacitively (this is what phones and computers use) where the sensor reads your finger by using human conductivity and creates “a digital image based on the electrostatic field.” The latter is much harder to trick! As for how this applies to my research, using biometrics might be smart to avoid fraud flags when abroad. If you can verify your identity quickly and on the spot, your card won’t automatically freeze and you can still go about spending as much money as you want.
Source
Gudino, M. (2022, October 13). How do fingerprint scanners work? optical vs capacitive. Arrow.com. https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/how-fingerprint-sensors-work
